Fig. 3

MR results for plasma and CSF proteins and the risk of COVID-19 phenotype. Volcano plots of the MR results for the effects of plasma and CSF proteins on (a) COVID-19 hospitalization and (b) COVID-19 severity. Dashed horizontal black line corresponded to P = 5.63 E-05 (0.05/888). PVE = proportion of variance explained. (c): forest plot of the external validation of the causal relationship between CHI3L1, ICAM-1 and COVID-19 phenotype (susceptibility, hospitalization, and severity)