Fig. 2

The results of MR analysis about the effects of COVID-19 phenotype (hospitalization, severity) on IDPs. The COVID-19 hospitalization significantly increased the area and volume of the left caudal middle frontal gyrus (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.14–1.42, p_fdr = 0.012; OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.13–1.42, p_fdr = 0.012, respectively). Additionally, COVID-19 severity was linked to the area, volume of the right caudal anterior-cingulate cortex and the volume of the right cuneus cortex (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.12–1.39, p_fdr = 0.023; OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.11–1.37, p_fdr = 0.025; OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.36, p_fdr = 0.026, respectively)