Fig. 3

Activation of NF-κβ during BKPyV infection triggers the production of antiviral molecules such as type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α which causes an elevation in apo-A4 levels during AKI, that results in aggravated inflammation and harm to the kidney. This process also, induces an increase in the infiltration of M1 macrophages into the kidneys by NF-κβ activation that can cause more damages