Fig. 4

Structural comparison of the S1 protein from different Saudi strains with closely related vaccine strains. (a) S1 protein of the H120 vaccine strain (G1), (b) PP840344|CK/SA/Kharj-1/2023 (G1), and (c) PP840347|CK/SA/Shaqra-1/2023 (G1), representing Saudi strains related to the G1 genotype. (d) S1 protein of the commercial Egyptian G23 strain (KU979007|IBV-EG/1212B-SP1-2012), (e) PP840345|CK/SA/Kharj-2/2023 (G23), and (f) PP840346|CK/SA/Kharj-3/2023 (G23), representing Saudi G23 strains. The amino acid differences in the highly variable regions (HVR-I to HVR-III) between the H120 vaccine strain and the G23 Saudi strains are highlighted. The variations in amino acids in the G23 vaccine strain (d) compared to the Saudi G23 strains (e, f) are also marked. Circles indicating structural differences in the loops of the 3D models